Paula J. Kienert

Fidelity Management & Research (UK), Inc. (FMR-UK) is the Great Britain-based research and investment advisory subsidiary of Fidelity Management & Research, itself a subsidiary of FMR LLC in the US. Located in London, the firm provides research and investment advisory services for Fidelity mutual funds domiciled outside of the US. They also sub-advise portfolios of non-US investments within mutual funds and investment trusts and operate in close relationship with FIL Investments International Ltd., also based in London.

Fidelity Management & Research Co. (FMR) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The firm was founded in 1946 and is a subsidiary of FMR LLC, also known as Fidelity Investments. FMR provides investment supervisory services, which include sub-advisory services, to Fidelity's family of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds, qualified tuition programs, privately offered unregistered investment funds, separately managed account clients, and various other institutional accounts.

Putnam Investments LLC operates as an investment advisory company. The company was founded on May 14, 2009 and is headquartered in Boston, MA.